Impact of IMF Funding on Pakistans economy

Effect of IMF Funding on Pakistans economy Presentation The subsidizing by International Monetary Fund (IMF) to creating nations has consistently raised a discussion on its positive and negative effects on the economy of the bank nation. Pakistan has an all-inclusive history of financing from IMF beginning from 1958 to 2004 in different time ranges and now the current understanding from 2008. This investigation examines the effect of IMF subsidizing on Pakistan. Despite the fact that there has been analysis with respect to the two issues of strategies and the financing sway yet the focal point of this exploration is to examine the effects and not to talk about or condemn the arrangements of IMF. The IMF attempts to encourage worldwide development and financial security. It gives strategy guidance and financing to individuals in monetary troubles and furthermore works with creating countries to assist them with accomplishing macroeconomic security and decrease neediness. It is attempting to cultivate worldwide money related participation, secure budgetary soundness, encourage global exchange, advance high business and feasible financial development, and lessen neediness around the globe. Albeit fiscal reserve gives monetary help to the creating nations yet its job in financial flourishing has been profoundly censured from the most recent couple of years because of its severe arrangements and limitations forced on the borrower nation. Under flow understanding, IMF forces 11 primary conditions on Pakistan which incorporates: presentation of the Central Excise Duty on administration and farming segment, decrease in the uses on Public Sector Development Program, cheapening of rupee, freezing of non-improvement consumption under the barrier spending plan, non-arrangement of beneficial awards to government offices, finishing sponsorship on gas and power, decrease in non-advancement use of common offices and bureaucratic services, increment in markup pace of banks and on between bank exchanges, consistency in the between bank and open market dollar conversion scale and stoppage of government money related mediation in securities exchanges. The fundamental point of IMF behind inconvenience of strategies is to build the incomes of the borrower nation. Yet, a few examinations uncover that it influences the economy both straightforwardly and in a roundabout way. Legitimately it forces sway in the feeling of control of specific factors on which it put limitations and in a roundabout way as to the relationship of these factors with other macroeconomic driving factors that drives the financial development. The issue here isn't the IMF financing however the arrangement burdens that could affect the monetary development. IMF gives assets to the three significant territories, to decrease deficiency of monetary record and current record and to expand the incomes. The inquiry here emerges that whether the expansion in charges, disposal of appropriations and improvement undertakings will help support the economy or makes the genuine GDP tumble from the normal incentive through expanded swelling. A broad exploration has been done to address the issue of IMF approaches and effect on economy of the borrower nation yet there are clashing outcomes inferred by various specialists because of specific conditions identified with that nation, the investigates that attempted to concentrate all nations under IMF program additionally uncovers negating results. This investigation centers explicitly around Pakistan with the goal that specific impacts could be uncovered that IMF financing is pouring on Pakistans economy. Issue proclamation The issue proclamation of exploration is Impact of IMF subsidizing on Pakistans economy. Significant factors that are utilized in this examination incorporate IMF assets and large scale financial factors that are the markers of an economy for example genuine GDP, work rate, current record balance, parity of installments and FDI. Destinations The destinations of our investigation are: To concentrate how IMF financing is putting its impact on economy of Pakistan. To uncover that whether there is any noteworthy connection between IMF financing and monetary development and on the off chance that there is a relationship, at that point whether it is sure or negative. To make inference and make proposals through investigation that whether Pakistan ought to obtain from IMF or look for different methods of getting Hugeness Albeit various examinations have addresses the expressed issue yet these explores for the most part did total influence considering all the nations under IMF program. The Research that we are going to lead will attempt to discover effect of IMF subsidizing on monetary development specifically situation of Pakistan. Delimitation Our extent of study will be constrained to the effects on Pakistan economy. Progressively over the variable that we will use for examination of monetary development will be just major macroeconomic factors which are significantly contributing towards the development factor. In our investigation we are not considering the political precariousness and irregularity in the predominant strategies and other social ecological issues that could affect financial development next to each other. Section 2 Survey of Related Literature This section incorporates the work done in a similar zone by different specialists. It put a look on investigations of a portion of the analysts alongside their proposed decisions Writing audit IMF financing has been one of the most discussed issues from the most recent couple of years as far as its approaches, limitations and its effect on the economy of nations under IMF programs. Various examinations have been done in such manner. Anyway the aftereffects of these investigations are negating making this issue still far from being obviously true. Late investigations have created blended and once in a while bewildering results with respect to the effect of IMF programs on a countries parity of installments, current record balance, remote direct speculation, genuine GDP, per capita pay and since quite a while ago run financial development. Martin Feldstein (1998) contends that the IMF required unnecessarily huge decreases in government shortfalls and limitations on money related approach. These limitations brought about significant increments in charge rates, loan costs and increment in current record deficiency. Feldstein contends that Asian economies have encountered a downturn that intensified their monetary issues because of these approach changes. Feldstein contends that a significant number of the ordered changes include unjustified impedance with national independence and have almost no relationship to the objective of settling the installment issue. He takes note of that it would have been exceptional to permit more opportunity for exchanges among borrowers and banks before giving IMF credits to a nation encountering installment issues. Ho: There is no huge Impact on the current record deficiency by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H5: There is huge Impact on the current record deficiency by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Doug Bandow (1999) contends that the presence of IMF bailouts makes an ethical peril issue that urges nations to not take care of their basic issues. He recommends that all countries would profit if solid economies isolated wiped out economies as opposed to giving financial help. Bandow contends that IMF help programs increment hazard for sound economies and don't give long haul advantages to pained economies. He takes note of that most IMF borrowers have gotten help for 10 years or more. Jensen (2004) recommends that global capital markets see IMF intercession as a negative turn of events. Despite factors driving their choices, Jensens research gives solid proof that creating nations follow through on a genuine cost when they exploit IMF help. His exploration emphatically uncovers a negative connection between IMF subsidizing and outside direct interest in the nation. As indicated by him financial specialists dont see this subsidizing in a positive manner that why decreasing net speculation level in the nation and subsequently thwarting monetary development. For effect of IMF on FDI following speculation is created: Ho: There is no huge Impact on the FDI by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H1: There is huge Impact on the FDI by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Then again there are various specialists like Dicks Mireaux (2000), who have discovered unequivocally positive financial development impacts of IMF subsidizing. These explores found that there is appositive effect of IMF financing on the economy. While there are additionally examines which presumed that are no critical impacts of IMF on the economy of a nation under IMF understanding like, Hardoy(2003) and Hutchison (2004), who contend that IMF subsidizing doesn't pour any huge effect on the economy of the borrower nation. Mireaux contend that economy becomes because of the expanded duty incomes. Following speculation has been created between charge income and IMF subsidizing. Ho: There is no noteworthy Impact on the Tax Revenue by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. H3: There is noteworthy Impact on the Tax Revenue by expanding Government Expenditure through IMF Funding. Nunnenkamp(1999) in his article talked about that IMF is under genuine assault as pundits accuse that IMF loaning lead to money related emergency and recommends to stop IMF subsidizing additionally the specialist examined the outcomes of completion the loaning ODriscoll (1997) in his article has led the spellbinding examination about the IMF strategies towards creating nations by maintaining the attention on USA economy. The Policy creation of IMF for the creating nations are with no support of verifiable choices taken by the creating nations in past. In this manner the budgetary emergencies and current record shortage emergencies is essentially credited to such approach making. The analyst has give case of Asia in which case the above conversation is especially obvious which establishes in 1995. The IMFs treatment of the Mexico emergency immovably settled good peril in universal loaning and planted the seeds for the Asian emergency. Up to this point, IMF strategy in Asia to a great extent rehashes the approach botches in Mexico.â Gina (2007) demonstrates

Artefact Biography as an Approach to Material Culture free essay sample

Relic histories are a way to deal with material culture that features the moving implications of antiques after some time. Relic histories give the item meaning, usefulness, imagery and recognize social movement (Waller-Cotterhill, C. Ancient rarity Biographies). It is fundamentally the life of antiques that were previously, and which are as yet being flowed around for a long time into the future. As the ancient rarities get more established the more parts and qualities are added to the tale of it after some time (ARA1001 module handbook: p 17). These are legacies we get from our grandparents. Legacies are not generally of financial worth, however it likewise has a story behind every single ancient rarity. Composing a memoir causes you reveal the concealed stories and estimations of antiques. As indicated by Joy (2009), there are two parts of composing the life story of an item. The principal technique is called ‘Life History’, where you investigate the historical backdrop of antiques as one. The subsequent strategy is called ‘Biographical’, where you investigate an ancient rarity of the geological and sequential request (Joy 2009). We will compose a custom paper test on Relic Biography as an Approach to Material Culture or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I will utilize the ‘Biographical’ strategy in this composition, to deliver the life of an article, in this antique biography.Every family has a lot of family legacies, which has been passed down from age to age. In my family, I have three family treasures †a hairpiece, a lot of familial adornments and a ring, went somewhere near my Grandma Alice, Grandma Anita, and my grandpa, respectively.I decide to reveal to you the story and estimation of the lovely hair piece left by my Grandma Alice †my father’s mother. My grandmother, Alice Mariah is British. She was the main little girl of one of the Governors’ named to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) when Ceylon was under the British. Around this time, my distant grandpa was a Chieftain of three towns, who governed it with a firm hand. He likewise happened to have an unmarried child (my grandpa). The British Governor (likewise my distant grandpa), who needed to shape a collusion with the Chieftain, organized a marriage between his girl (my grandmother) and the unmarried child of the Chieftain. The Governor’s little girl, Alice Mariah, showed up at Ceylon three months before the wedding. As indicated by grandmother, it was all consuming, instant adoration. She became acquainted with his folks and changed in accordance with the way of life before the wedding. She carried with her a delightful Silver hairpiece (see Fig. 1), given to her by her mom †who got it from her relative, Alexandra-for she was leaving to an obscure land until the end of time.

Set a Timer When Studying

Set a Timer When Studying I hope everyone is powering through midterms! This has been a busy few weeks for me, but I am really trying to stay on top of things. I know Ive posted a lot of curricula related stuff lately, but I feel like its super relevant at this time of year. One of my favorite strategies that I use to try to tackle everything that I need to do, is to set a timer for a period of time, such as an hour, and use that hour to work on one thing. After that hour is finished, I switch activities. This way, I can try and make sure that I am working on everything that I need to, and not get burnt out from doing the same thing for a super long time. This is just one strategy, and I know everyone has their favorites! Good luck, everybody! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

The Hamartia of Blindness in Death of a Salesman and...

The Hamartia of Blindness in Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex â€Å"Tragedy is an imitation not of men but of a life, an action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aristotle). Tragedy is not about learning of certain characters, but rather learning about life itself. The inability to confront reality is a matter that takes place both in everyday life and in both plays. Despite the differences in both plays, Death of a Salesman and Oedipus Rex, the theme of being unable to confront reality is revealed through the protagonists’ shared hamartia of blindness. Through experiences with themselves and other characters, the protagonists show that their tragic flaw is what leads to their downfall. Both plays display the blindness of the protagonists, Oedipus and Willy Loman, when coming to terms with what they believe to be true. Although Oedipus truly is the murderer, he does not have the slightest thought that it could be him. He is blind to the prophecy and decides he must take action towards the murderer when he says: â€Å"Whoever killed King Laà ¯os mightâ €“who knows?–/Lay violent hands even on me–and soon./I act for the murdered king in my own interest† (Sophocles, 141-143). This is very ironic because Oedipus is feeling threatened by the murderer when he is in fact the one whom he seeks, but he is blind to that fact. Throughout the play, Willy Loman is consumed by the fact of being ‘well liked’ and maintaining a respectable status. He lies to friends and family about his successes to remain above the socialShow MoreRelatedHamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman834 Words   |  3 PagesHamartia in Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman Hamartia is defined as a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero. Aristotle defines a tragic hero to be a man â€Å"who is not completely good and just, whose misfortune is brought out not by vice or immorality, but by some error or weakness.† The three key requirements of Aristotle in regards to a tragic hero are; a high social standing, goodness or moral excellence, or error committed by the hero in unawareness or ignorance. Two quality examplesRead Moreâ€Å"Aristotle’s Definition of the Tragic Hero and Irony in Tragedy† Oedipus Rex, Othello, and Death of a Salesman3217 Words   |  13 Pagesmisfortune due to some flaw of character or failure to find/some deviation from the moral and righteous path, which is referred to as the hamartia. (Myers) However, he cannot be of paramount virtue or righteousness for this would objectify him, in turn isolating him from human perceptivity and compassion though he must be of high or noble character. The hamar tia at some point must be realized by the character and this experience is known as an anagnorisis; it is to be noted that the relationship between

Misundertanding of Algebra Why We Should Continue to Have...

Ever since the ancient civilizations of Egypt, China, Mesopotamia, and India, we have used mathematics. It has guided the advancement of society and it has led to incredible discoveries. However, the amount of math students should learn has become an issue. Almost every well educated person would agree that all students should learn the value of math. By the time students reach the level of algebra, however, we see politicians, the media, students and parents arguing if they should even learn algebra. One of the reasons is that many U.S. students are failing algebra in high school and college. Algebra is the minimum requirement for all students in high school and a basic requirement in college and universities. To ask to change the†¦show more content†¦This would give us answer of 4.30 hours to drive to Las Vegas from Los Angeles. Now this is one way to describe what algebra is, but we also have formulas to help us. The quadratic formula, Pythagorean Theorem, and the equati on of a line are just a few of the formulas we use to solve algebraic problems. The ancient Egyptians used the Pythagorean Theorem to design and build the pyramids of Egypt. Civil engineers across Europe built the massive cathedrals using algebra in a time when machinery was not available. Algebra helped aerospace engineers figured out how to send three astronauts to the moon in 1969. Our advancement in technology and society will depend on people with exceptional math skills to build the bridge to the future. As of now, we need to make people realize how useful algebra is in everyday life before we can go the next step. A question that sometimes is mentioned is how can algebra make our lives easier? Some people assume that our need for math is basic. This is saying that we should be fine as long as we can add, subtract, multiply, and divide. What these people do not realize is that algebra is used in our lives more than they think. For students, determining your grade-point-average (GPA) and understanding what is your class grade takes a bit of algebra to understand. For example, if a high school student wants to determine what their GPA for admission to a university, they have to know what numbers represent the letter grades. Traditionally,

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57 Free Essays

string(75) " the hideous screech of a raging lynx, and the old man went over the side\." 56 Escape Kimi was trying to call up thunder and was having no luck at all. He’d been chanting and waving his arms for half an hour and there still wasn’t a cloud in the sky. â€Å"You’re not holding your arms right,† Sarapul said. We will write a custom essay sample on Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was lying under a palm tree, chewing a betel nut and offering constructive criticism to the navigator. Sepie lay nearby watching. â€Å"I am too,† Kimi said. â€Å"I’m holding them the same way you do.† â€Å"Maybe it doesn’t work for Filipinos.† â€Å"It’s because I’m shot,† Kimi said. â€Å"If I wasn’t shot, I could do this.† Sarapul scanned the horizon. Not even a bird. â€Å"That’s it. It’s because you’re shot.† He spit out a red stream of betel nut juice. â€Å"And you’re not holding your arms right.† Kimi resumed chanting and waving his arms. â€Å"Hey!† Sarapul said. â€Å"What? Did you hear thunder? I knew I could do it.† â€Å"No. Be quiet. Someone is calling you.† Kimi listened. Someone was calling him, and they were getting closer. He limped down the beach toward the voice and saw Tucker Case coming around the island. â€Å"Hey, boss, what you doin’ out here during the day? The Sorcerer gonna be plenty mad at you.† Tuck was out of breath. â€Å"He is mad. I need your boat, Kimi. And I need you to navigate for me.† â€Å"Not his ship,† Sarapul said. â€Å"My ship.† â€Å"The doc is going to kill me if I don’t get off the island. Can I use your boat?† The old cannibal was silent for a moment, thinking. â€Å"Where you go?† â€Å"I don’t know. Guam, Yap, anywhere.† â€Å"Can I come?† â€Å"Yes, yes, if I can use your boat.† â€Å"Okay, we leave five days. Right, Kimi?† Kimi looked at Tuck. â€Å"It not be good sailing for five days.† â€Å"I have to go now, Kimi.† â€Å"Can Sepie come?† Sepie stepped back, surprised. â€Å"You want to take me? Women don’t sail.† â€Å"You come,† Kimi said. â€Å"Okay, boss?† he said to Tuck. Tuck nodded. â€Å"Whatever. Sepie, go tell Malink that I need everyone to bring drinking coconuts. Many drinking coconuts with the husks taken off. Bananas, mangoes, papaya, and dried fish if he has any.† â€Å"There is plenty shark meat,† Sepie said. â€Å"I need it now, Sepie. Go. Tell Malink that Vincent demands it.† Sarapul began to chop at the underbrush in front of the sailing canoe to clear a path to the water. â€Å"Put down palm leaf to slide ship on,† he told Tuck. Tuck began to gather long palm fronds and lay them down in a path to the water. â€Å"Kimi, can you go get the things from my pack? There’s things we can use.† â€Å"What about Roberto?† â€Å"Call for him, but go get the stuff. The money too.† â€Å"Okay, boss.† Ten minutes later Tuck looked up to see Malink leading a line of Shark People through the jungle. All were carrying baskets of food and husked green coconuts. â€Å"You are leaving?† â€Å"Yes, I have to go, Chief.† â€Å"You are taking our ship and our navigator.† â€Å"And our mispel,† Abo added from behind Malink. â€Å"I have to go, Malink. The Sorcerer and the Sky Priestess are going to kill me.† â€Å"But Vincent send you. How they hurt you?† â€Å"They don’t really believe in Vincent. They use him to get you to give up the chosen, Malink. They’re going to start killing off your people too.† â€Å"They no kill the Chosen. Chosen are for Vincent.† â€Å"No. I told you before. They take out your organs and sell them to be put inside of other people.† Malink scoffed. â€Å"You can no put one man kidney in other man.† â€Å"It was in People magazine. Didn’t you see it? Demi Moore, Melanie Griffith, Mariel Hemingway, all of them? You didn’t read about it?† Recognition lit up Malink’s face. â€Å"Boob job!† â€Å"Yes,† Tuck said. â€Å"Where do you think they get those boobs?† â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"He speaks the truth,† Malink said to the islanders. â€Å"It was in People. Put the food in the boat.† He took Tuck aside. â€Å"You will come back?† â€Å"I’ll try.† â€Å"And bring our navigator.† â€Å"I’ll try, Malink. I really will.† â€Å"You try.† â€Å"Tide,† Kimi called. â€Å"We go now.† The center of the canoe was filled with coconuts, fruit, and bundles of dried shark meat wrapped in banana leaves. Kimi directed the men to get on either side of the canoe and push it over the mat of palm fronds to the water. When it was afloat, Tuck lifted Sepie in, then climbed in himself. Kimi, standing on the outrigger platform, started to hoist the sail. It was the shape of a tortilla chip stood on end with a bite taken out at the top. Tuck recognized the pieces of his pack sewn into the nylon patchwork. â€Å"Where is Sarapul?† Kimi said. â€Å"Here!† The old cannibal was running out of the jungle, seeming stronger now than Tuck had ever seen him. He had gone back for his spear, a long shaft of mahogany with a wickedly barbed metal tip. Tuck caught the old man by the forearm and pulled him out of the surf and into the canoe. The canoe was already fifty yards from the shore. Sarapul took the long oar at the rear and steered it toward the channel as Kimi stood on the outrigger platform and manipulated the sail. The Shark People stood on the beach looking stunned. A few waved. Malink looked forlorn, Abo heartbroken. â€Å"Thanks,† Tuck shouted over the wave. â€Å"Thank you, Malink.† â€Å"You will come back.† Malink said. It was not a question. Tuck turned to look out to sea, then looked back to see the Shark People wading into the water after them. Behind them he saw a dark figure come out of the jungle. There was no warning shot or demand to halt. Stripe came out onto the beach and opened up with the Uzi. Tuck pushed Sepie’s head down under the edge of the gunwale just as a line of bullets stitched and splintered the wood. Kimi screamed and Tuck looked up to see a row of red geysers open in his back. He clung to one of the lines for a second, then fell into the sea. Another scream, this one from Sarapul, the hideous screech of a raging lynx, and the old man went over the side. You read "Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57" in category "Essay examples" The gunfire stopped and Tuck risked popping his head up to look back to the beach. Stripe was slamming a new clip into the Uzi as he waded after the canoe. The Shark People had fled from the water and disappeared into the jungle or were cowering on the beach, unable to move. With the sail loose, the canoe had swung around and was being carried by the tide toward the reef. They would miss the channel by only a few feet, but they would miss it and run aground on the reef. Tuck reached up to grab the steering oar just as Stripe let off another burst from the Uzi. At a hundred yards he was spraying a wide pattern, but Tuck heard a couple of bullets thunk into the side of the canoe. The normally crystal water near the shore was clouded with the sand and silt thrown up by the Shark People’s retreat, so Stripe did not see the dark shape moving through the water toward him. He wanted a shot. He set the Uzi to semiautomatic and unfolded the stock to take careful aim. Tuck was standing now, leaning hard on the steering oar to bring the canoe around and through the channel. The outrigger scraped over the reef as the canoe approached broadside. Stripe lined up the sights between Tuck’s shoulder blades, held his breath, let it out, then squeezed the trigger. Sarapul came out of the water like an angry marlin, spear-first. The metal point entered just under Stripe’s chin and exited his skull at the crown, dragging brain and bone on its evil barb. As Stripe fell back, he emptied the clip into the sky. The canoe slipped through the channel into the open ocean. Out on the horizon, a small cloud appeared and dropped a mercurial lightning bolt into the sea, followed a few seconds later by Kimi’s thunder. 57 West with the Bat The Sorcerer stood on the beach over the supine body of Yamata. The spear was still sticking out of the guard’s skull like a gruesome note spindle waiting for a canceled receipt from the Reaper. â€Å"How did this happen?† the Sorcerer asked. Malink looked at his feet. The Sorcerer seemed more surprised than angry. A day had passed since Sarapul had killed Stripe, and Malink had waited in fear for the time when the Sorcerer would come looking for him. The other guards had torn the village apart looking for Tuck, and Malink had confessed that the pilot had left the island in an old canoe, but he had claimed ignorance of the whereabouts of the guard. Sarapul had been right. They should have pushed the body out to the edge of the reef for the sharks to eat. Actually, that had been Sarapul’s second suggestion for the disposal of the body. â€Å"It look like accident,† Malink said. â€Å"Maybe he running and fall on his spear.† â€Å"I want the man who did this, Malink,† the Sorcerer said. â€Å"He is dead.† â€Å"The Filipino did this?† Malink nodded. The other guards had found Kimi’s body in the village, where the Shark People had been preparing it for burial. â€Å"I don’t think so. The Filipino took four bullets in the back. Whoever did this was very strong. Now you must tell me the truth or Vincent will be angry.† Malink was not afraid of Vincent’s wrath. He only now realized that all the wrath his people had ever felt from Vincent had come by way of the Sorcerer and the Sky Priestess. He was afraid of the Sky Priestess. â€Å"The American do this before he leave in the canoe. The guard shoot the girl-man and the American kill the guard.† â€Å"Why didn’t you tell me about this before?† â€Å"I am afraid Vincent will be angry.† â€Å"Where did they get a canoe? None of the Shark People know how to build a canoe.† â€Å"It was the girl-man. He know how. He build with Sarapul.† The Sorcerer balled his fists. â€Å"And Sarapul is gone too.† Malink nodded. â€Å"He sail away.† â€Å"Do you know where they were going?† Malink shook his head. â€Å"No. Sarapul is banished. We no talk with him.† â€Å"Where’s the guard’s weapon?† Malink shrugged. The Sorcerer turned his back and began walking up the beach. â€Å"Have your people bury this man, Malink. Don’t let the other guards see him. And be ready. The Sky Priestess will visit you soon.† Sarapul crawled out from some nearby ferns and stood at Malink’s side, watching the Sorcerer walk away. â€Å"We should have eaten this guy,† he said, kicking Yamata’s body. â€Å"This is very bad,† Malink said. â€Å"He killed my friend.† Sarapul kicked the body again. â€Å"The Sky Priestess will be very angry.† Malink was, once again, feeling the weight of his position. The old cannibal shrugged. â€Å"Can I have my spear back?† Tuck knew that there was a way to use the hands of a watch in conjunction with the movement of the sun to determine direction, but since he wore a digital watch, it wouldn’t have done him any good even if he knew the method, which he didn’t. He guessed that Guam lay to the west, so he steered for the setting sun, spent the night guessing, and corrected his course to put the sun behind them at sunrise. He did know how to sail. It was required knowledge for a kid growing up in a wealthy family near San Diego, but celestial navigation was a complete mystery. Sepie was no help at all. Even if she knew anything, she hadn’t said a word since Kimi had been shot. Tuck forced her to drink the water from a couple of green coconuts, but other than that, she had lain in the bow motionless for twenty-four hours. He was now looking at his second sunset at sea. He corrected his course and realized that they must have been traveling north most of the day. How far, he couldn’t guess. He steered southwest until the sun lay on the water like a glowing platter, hoping to correct some of the damage. He really wished that Sepie would come around. He needed some sleep, and he needed some relief from his own thoughts. Thoughts of the Sky Priestess, of the Sorcerer, and of his dead friend Kimi. Despite the navigat-or’s surly manner, he had been a good kid. Tuck, who had been brought up in relative luxury, couldn’t imagine having endured the life that Kimi had lived. And the navigator had never given up. He had lived and died with courage. And he would still be alive if he hadn’t met Tucker Case. â€Å"Fuck!† Tuck said to no one. He wiped his eyes on his sleeve and squinted at the gunmetal waves. There was a flapping noise up by the mast and Tuck adjusted the steering oar to catch the wind. The sail filled again, but the flapping continued for a second before it stopped. Roberto caught the shroud line that was secured to the outrigger and did an upside-down swinging landing that left him looking to the back of the canoe. Tuck couldn’t have been happier if it had been an angel hanging from his shroud line. â€Å"Roberto?† â€Å"Yes,† the bat said. He was speaking in his own voice, not Vincent’s. The accent Filipino, not Manhattan. Tuck almost burst out laughing. His mood swings were so rapid and wide now that he was afraid his sanity might be falling through the chasm. â€Å"I didn’t recognize you without your glasses.† â€Å"I no like the light,† Roberto said. Tuck looked to Sepie, still lying in the bow. â€Å"Look, Sepie, it’s Roberto.† The girl did not stir. â€Å"You are very sad about Kimi,† Roberto said. â€Å"Yes,† Tuck said, â€Å"I am sad.† â€Å"He tell you he was great navigator and you no believe him.† Tuck looked away. Something about bats increases shame by a factor of ten. â€Å"You are going the wrong way,† the bat said. â€Å"Go that way.† He pointed with a wing claw. The wind caught his wing and nearly spun him off the shroud line. He braced himself with the other wing claw and pointed again. â€Å"I mean that way.† â€Å"You’re shitting me,† Tuck said. â€Å"That way.† â€Å"That’s north. I’m going to Guam. West.† â€Å"That’s west. I am born on Guam.† â€Å"You’re a bat.† â€Å"You ever see a lost bat?† â€Å"No, but I’ve never seen a talking bat either.† â€Å"See?† Roberto said, as if he had made his point. â€Å"That way.† After all the evidence is in – after you’ve run all the facts by everything you know – and you’re still lost, you have to do some things on faith. Tuck steered in the direction Roberto was pointing. A few minutes later he looked up to see Vincent sitting on the pile of coconuts in the center of the canoe. â€Å"Good call, listening to the bat,† Vincent said. â€Å"I just wanted you to know that the Shark People are going to build some ladders.† â€Å"Well, that’s a useful bit of information,† Tuck said. â€Å"It will be,† Vincent said. Then he disappeared. How to cite Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 56~57, Essay examples

Economics of Innovation Identities Shape

Question: Discuss about the Economics of Innovation for Identities Shape. Answer: Introduction Food and beverage manufacturing industry in Australia is the largest contributor to the countries` GDP. The industry constitutes about a third of all the countrys entire manufacturing sector. Products and resources in this industry are some of the products whose demand and supply keeps changing regularly. The changes in demand and supply of products in this sector have a very big impact of the stability of the economy in general (Arnold, 2010) In economics, demand is defined as the amount of goods or services that a given person is willing and capable of purchasing at the prevailing price and at that particular time (Bannered and Duflo,2011).This means that for demand to occur, the person must be both willing and capable of buying no that particular good or service. The increase in exports in the food and beverage industry in the country is an indication of increase in demand of the products in other countries. Supply is defined as the amount of goods or services that a producer of a certain good or service are willing and able to deliver to the market at the prevailing prices at that particular time. Willing to sell without the capability cannot qualify as demand and vice versa. The above statistics make prove that the industry is depended upon by very many people in the country. For this reason, it is important to explore the factors that drive demand and supply of goods in this industry. The essay discusses the factors that influence how much producers are willing and capable of delivering to the market as well as the amount buyers are willing and capable of purchasing at a given market price. An example of a resource that is used in the production of foods is the wheat and barley. According to the Australia Food and Grain report, the demand for wheat in Australia in the year 2016 was about 28 million metric tonnes.The supply for wheat in Australia was about 24 million metric tons. This means that there was a shortage in the country since the demand of the product exceeded the supply. Another resource that is commonly used in food manufacturing is barley. The production of wheat for the year 2016 in Australia was 8.5 million MT. There was a very slight change from the previous year when production was at 8.45 million MT. The yield per hectare was estimated to be around 2.0 MT. The demand for barley in Australia is less than the supply. This explains why the country exported 6 million metric tons of barley in the year 2016. The major factor affecting the demand of a resource or a particular good or service is the price (Russel, 2014). This is the basic determinant of demand and supply of any resource. This is what brought about the law of demand and supply. The price elasticity of any resource will determine the extent to which a unit change in price will affect the demand of the product. The following are the factors apart from price that might have caused the changes in demand of the above products; Consumers taste and preferences is also an important factor that determines the level of demand of a particular good. When consumers tastes and preferences match with what supply in the market, the demand for product will increase. If the tastes of the consumer do not match what the producers offer, the demand for the product will be low. Changes in tastes and preferences of a consumer change with time depending on factors such as fashion and the effects of advertisement. Tastes and preferences on goods such as wheat may result from health and nutritional concerns of the consumer. Another important factor affecting demand is the level of incomes of consumers. Rise in consumer incomes increases demand for products while a reduction in consumer incomes lowers their demand for products. This law however applies to normal goods only. Increase in income will increase the demand for a product by increasing the amount of disposable income. This will in turn improve the purchasing power of a consumer meaning that he/she will tend to consume more of the product. For example the increase of incomes for will increase their purchasing power which means they consume more beer. Increase in demand for beer will in turn cause the demand for barley to increase (Akerlof and Kranton, 2010). Changes in prices of related goods will also affect the demand for products that are consumed together. These products are referred to as complementary goods. Increase in price of one product will reduce its demand and therefore the demand of the other product will also increase. The number of consumers of a product in a particular market will affect the demand of that product. When the numbers of the people who consume a product increase, the demand of the product will also rise. The decrease in the number of people consuming a particular product will result to a decline in demand (Swann, 2009). The supply of any product is determined by the many different factors such as Seasonality in production. This mostly applies to goods which are seasonal in nature such that when its the pick season, the supply will be high and when it is off season, supply will reduce. Another factor that determines supply is the expected rise or fall of prices of a product in future. When suppliers expect the price to rise, they will hold their goods waiting for prices to increase hence increases in supply. Expected fall in prices will increase the supply in the short run. The cost of production is another very important determinant of supply. When per unit costs of production are high, producers will produce less hence the supply will decline. Low costs of production will mean higher profits margins for producers hence leading to a rise in demand (Eisenstein, 2011). Other factors that determine the supply of a product are technology, government policy and price of related goods. Conclusion The supply and demand of a particular product varies from time to time and from place to place depending on different factors. The factors that affect the level of demand and supply of a product ranging from price will determine whether there is surplus, shortage or equilibrium state. Factors affecting demand and supply in one industry may not affect the same in another. An example is that weather affects the production of agricultural product but does not affect the supply of cement in the market. Changes in consumer tastes and preferences have also had tremendous impact on level of demand and supply of a given product. This calls for producers to stay in touch with the changing trends in order to maintain high demand for their products. References: Eisenstein, Charles. Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, Society in the Age of Transition. Berkeley, Calif: Evolver Editions, 2011. Internet resource. Arnold, Roger A. Economics. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Banerjee, Abhijit V, and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011. Print. Russel, . The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade. Corby: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Akerlof, George A, and Rachel E. Kranton. Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. Internet resource. Samuelson, Paul A, and William D. Nordhaus. Economics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2010. Print. Swann, G M. P. The Economics of Innovation: An Introduction. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009. Internet resource.